Identities and globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Characters and globalization - Essay Example elop a worldwide character that gives them a feeling of having a place with an overall culture and incorporates an attention to the occasions, practices, styles, and data that are a piece of the worldwide culture† (Arnett, 2002, p. 777). In this statement, the creator expresses that the vast majority on the planet, particularly youngsters are the ones who are confronting the test where they need to embrace both the worldwide and nearby personality. This test here and there can prompt a â€Å"hybrid identity† which is depicted as a blend of both the nearby and worldwide culture (Arnett, 2002, p. 778). Nonetheless, the creator doesn't give a clarification and instances of the mental effect of this bicultural character in youthful people groups day by day lives. Despite the fact that he secured this viewpoint, on the personality disarray segment about how individuals can feel avoided from a general public or estranged, he didn't furnish us with a solid model about the mental effect of the bicultural character. By referencing the mental effect of the bicultural personality in his paper, it will cause perusers to draw in and care progressively about this point. One of the conspicuous issues depicted by the writer in the article is on bicultural personalities. The type of character is noted as influencing youngsters from various pieces of the world particularly those from non-western nations. The creator takes note of that in this new type of character, individuals have a piece of their personality established in their neighborhood culture while the other part is impacted by worldwide culture (Arnett, 2002). The contention on this personality depends on expanded worldwide awareness that is occurring in numerous youngsters and teenagers. Initially, the creator noticed that kids have begun developing creating cognizant dependent on the things that they see on the planet. Subsequently, the world things keep on impacting kids more in contrast with the things that occur in a neighborhood situation. As the creator demonstrates, â€Å"Young individuals build up a worldwide character that gives them a

Communication For Health Professionals

Question: Talk about theCommunication For Health Professionals. Answer: Correspondence is the procedure or demonstration of utilizing words, sounds, signs, or practices to communicate or trade data to another person(Silverman, Kurtz, Draper, 2016). Relational abilities combined with correspondence methods and methodologies can be utilized to pass on the data successfully. Be that as it may, correspondence obstructions exist in various discussions. Wellbeing experts assume a key job with regards to treatment of wellbeing matters particularly where treatment is required. Clinical instructors have a significant job in guaranteeing that the correspondence with their patient is effective(Silverman, 2013). This examination is a correspondence between a clinical advisor and patient. It points atcreating a suitable model of correspondence and thinking of the techniques so as to accomplish a successful correspondence. It likewise points in building up a decent compatibility and setting up the potential hindrances to communication.The concentrate additionally incl udes other wellbeing professionalsand the morals considered during the correspondence The contextual investigation includes a young lady by the name Katherine who one of her companion experienced fire in her kitchen a year ago. As of late Katherine has invested a great deal of energy tuning in to her companion understanding and this has left her anxious and frightened. In her fiancs condo she has been diverted twice where she fears that something would burst into flames while supper was being readied. She has been alluded to a clinical advisor by a general professional with a point of finding support on the most proficient method to adapt to the circumstance. In this examination, deliberative model of correspondence is utilized. It includes relational cooperation between the advocate and the patient. The instructor connects with the patient in a dialoguewith a point of giving good influence to the patient. After good influence, consideration of the move to be made by the patient is finished. This model empower commitment with the patient to feature different wellbeing esteems and advantages of diminishing tension and fear(Parrott, Crook, 2011). This will include illuminating the patient about her present circumstance, and recommendable answers for the medical issue. This will trigger purposeful activities from the patient to attempt treatment (Eggins, Slade, 2013). This model is fitting on the grounds that the patient is exceptionally engaged with an official choice without constraining the opportunity of picking the worth she feels would be suitable. Building a compatibility with Katherine would be the principal task. This is so as to accomplish a solid and a fruitful relationship which may greatly affect the result. One of the strategies that can be utilized in building an affinity is coordinating and mirroring(Saywitz, Larson, Hobbs, Wells, 2015). This involves learning the patients conduct and expecting a portion of these practices. For example one can expect her body stance or motions. Likewise one can focus on her tone or the speed of her discourse, and afterward coordinate properly. Understanding the outlook of the patient is another huge factor towards accomplishing a decent rapport(Otuzo?lu, Karahan, 2013). It is acceptable to realize that Katherine is too passionate with regards to issues identified with fire and consequently there could be some trouble by they way she communicates. As an instructor one may have experienced a related situation before where sharing it might make a passionate connection (Gudzune, Beach, Roter, Cooper, 2013). By doing this you can urge her to make some noise thus making a phenomenal relational conversation(Workman, 2012). Correspondence procedures utilized would be significant in accomplishing positive results. One of the methodologies that can be utilized is quiet treatment where the instructor may decide to stay quiet yet mindful so as to see the verbal and nonverbal data brought by the patient (Timmins, 2012). For an instructor to have a lot of clear data, it is fitting to pose inquiries identified with the occurrence. By doing this, a guide can oversee care as per the patient need. Another key system utilized by the advisor is to show up enthusiastic(Moran, Sussman, 2014). This will urge the patient to stay positive in the reactions she gives and considerably progressively keen on conversing with the clinical counselor.The last procedure is guaranteeing that the advisor and the patient talks similarly and being brief. This will improve relational collaboration making the patient to be dynamic all through the discussion without getting exhausted. There are different elements that could make the correspondence ineffectual. The passionate province of Katherine would profoundly influence the relational relationship with the guide. The dread and tension in the patient turns into an incredible obstruction and this may influence the capacity to plainly clarify her emotions. The clinical advisor could be having difficulties in adapting to the patients feelings. A test can likewise be experienced in posing inquiries identified with the episode to the patient. Referencing of words like fire to the patient may stimulate prior emotionstherefore expanding the degree of misery and tension. This renders the correspondence to be inadequate. Culture decent variety is another prevention towards viable correspondence. Individuals of various culture will in general be diverse in different ways. The language between the advisor and the patient may vary and this may result to errors and misinterpretations of the key message. Nonverbal correspondence, for example, motions and images may likewise be diverse between various societies. For example, an image like gesturing the head may have various implications in various societies making its utilization to be misconstrued. The patient may have a doubt and dread to reveal privileged insights to socially extraordinary advisor. Generalizing could greatly affect correspondence basing on different viewpoints, for example, sexual orientation, religion, and age. This will make biases subsequently carrying hindrance to a successful correspondence. The instructor may likewise be utilizing specialized clinical languages in the line of his profession which are too confused to possibly be comprehended by the patient and this makes disengagement in the transformation. Obstructions to powerful correspondence can be defeated utilizing different methodologies. Social hindrances, for example, can be overwhelmed by the advocate learning customers culture through doing some examination. By diving deep in understanding the patient culture, it makes positive sentiment and this may help the customer receptiveness to the guide. It would even lift the patient certainty to visit again in future. The advocate ought to know about the hindrance because of clinical languages and should utilize straightforward language and persistently check whether the customer comprehends through proper criticism. This should be possible by posing an inquiry identified with what the conversation involved and assessing the appropriate response. Advising combined with different experts may greatly affect a patient encountering enthusiastic, conduct and psychological well-being issues. Wellbeing experts like clinical analyst, therapist, and clinical general practices would be significant in illuminating Katherine issues. Analyst would aid arrangement of treatment and finding to the customer. Specialist would help in treatment of enthusiastic ailment which incorporates relegating the correct prescription to the patient. Sharing the information accumulated during this correspondence with other wellbeing experts could be of significance so they might be educated on the best way to deal with the patient. This upgrades dynamic and improves cooperative energy among the experts. One of the data to be shared is about the state of mind of the patient. This will help with deciding the best strategy for treatment to be utilized henceforth improving the nature of patient consideration. The advocate have a job in guessing whether the state of mind of the patient is acceptable and make suggestions with respect to whether further screening ought to be made by the specialist. This data may help in improving the patient trust and fulfillment. Between proficient correspondence will likewise point in helping Katherine to overcome the feelings, fears, and nervousness. It is fitting to counsel other wellbeing professionalsto help with thinking of legitimate psychological social treatment. The point of this treatment is to lessen the negative contemplations on Katherine mind. Advisor ought to contribute on making Katherine comprehend that alert measures can be taken to maintain a strategic distance from fire spreading, for example, having fire quenchers in her home. Moral issues on the correspondence among wellbeing experts must be thought of. Social insurance experts ought to have great relationship among themselves. This upgrades their administration conveyance to give a superior consideration to patients. Bury proficient correspondence ought to be guided by regard and commitment of every part ought to be dealt with likewise by regard. (Social insurance Ethics, 2011) Wellbeing experts should cooperate as a group to convey quality patient consideration with every part qualified for get their job in the group. The patients ought to be made to comprehend the job of the colleagues. All the included wellbeing experts should facilitate towards conveying the data precisely to the patient and the family in an opportune way. On the off chance that an individual from the group delegates obligation to another wellbeing proficient, it is essential to give enough data about the patient and the advancement in treatment. (Social insurance Ethics, 2011) This guarantees quality assistance is conveyed to the patient Taking everything into account, unmistakably wellbeing correspondence assumes an indispensable job particularly to patients with psychological well-being issues, for example, feelings and uneasiness. The model of correspondence picked has an impact on the correspondence viability. Compelling correspondence can be affected by utilizing engaging systems and building up a decent compatibility between the instructor and the pat

First Impressions Free Essays

In this article we will look at how our eye to eye connection, and non-verbal communication can dramatically affect the way that individuals see us. As a rule it’s what we state, or the way that we don’t completely draw in that leaves individuals with an enduring impression about the sort of individual we are. These pre-considered thoughts that individuals make about us are now and again troublesome, or even difficult to survive. We will compose a custom paper test on Initial introductions or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now We will talk about how an oblivious conduct on our part can show itself into what can immediately turn into an exceptionally successful repellant to anybody, and everybody we come into contact with. In our general public we as a whole should carry on with a particular goal in mind, a rundown of unwritten principles is consistently in play about the way we â€Å"should† act, falling outside of the adequate standard and we are named as peculiar or even inconsiderate. Likewise we will survey a short story from two unique edges that is about a similar man however remain as a conspicuous difference to each other. The hero in this story is a man named John. As the day went on grinding away and it became important John went to the store to purchase fixed. Simply the straightforward demonstration of getting up and going out exhibits that John had an enthusiasm for his activity and needed to complete it. En route John accepted each open door to appreciate the day, and interface with individuals he knew. John ensured that he was strolling on the bright side of the road and any bystander could see that John was an exceptionally substance and confident person. Indeed, even as John advanced into store he kept a positive and well disposed demeanor, to such an extent that when he saw a natural face he made opportunity to stop and make proper acquaintance. Promptly leaving the store he met another colleague and didn’t botch the opportunity to trade merriments, and after this he came back to work. John was oozing such a constructive vibration, that individuals who knew him couldn’t help however need to be around an individual like him. John was showing a mind blowing mentality, and everything was pointing towards John being totally â€Å"normal†. Indeed, even in the Bible it’s Paul stating of â€Å"putting on the shield of God† that lets us know it’s a decision. It’s a choice that we make at some random time about how we should follow up on our own circumstance, in such a case that we don’t act then all we have left to do is re-act and when that is the main alternative we are really frail. As I said previously, the early introduction that individuals type of us is more often than not the one that sticks to us, and none of us get another opportunity to establish that enduring connection once more. On the opposite side of the range, in the other short story we see John in a totally different light. As a matter of first importance he chose to hold up until after work to proceed to get what he required, a generally excellent case of an individual who isn’t associated with his work. On the off chance that he is associated with his work it’s just the absolute minimum. While strolling to the store John made each endeavor to remain where he couldn’t be seen, and when he saw somebody he realized he settled on the choice to go across the road and avoid any sort of contact at all. After somewhat progressively reserved swagger John chose to return home and cover up until tomorrow. These are anecdotes about a similar man, attempting to achieve a similar undertaking and the two stories don’t sound like a similar man by any means. In the second recounting a similar story John appeared to be a terrified youngster or some other similarly helpless little casualty. Presently individuals that saw him were taking a gander at a totally unique individual, one that could just re-act to his life as opposed to following up on the world. This is an ideal case of how significant early introductions are, and why it’s so imperative to leave individuals with an enduring impression of the sort of individual we truly are. I’ve been informed that no one can tell what sort of individual somebody is until after you see them when they think nobody is looking. After the main story I felt like John had the world by the horns, and recognized what he expected to do so he could exceed expectations and lead any pack he was in. Subsequent to perusing the second story John’s picture to me was that of a total weakling, and the sort of individual who experienced his life managing what was given to him. The sort of individual that is so used to being determined what to do and with positively no spine. The subsequent John was a man that had a personal stake in being the more fragile of the species. If I somehow happened to turn around the accounts and read the second one first, I don’t feel that things would look any better for John. My psyche would have been made up, I would have recently thought â€Å"he’s still a wuss†. Like I stated, early introductions. No second chances. His stock was at that point low and that’s why I feel it’s critical to ingrain in individuals when they’re youthful that they have self-esteem. Since once you have it you don’t search for consolation in any other individual, and nobody can take it from you since you earned it for yourself from yourself. Step by step instructions to refer to First Impressions, Papers Early introductions Free Essays Early introductions In this paper we will look at how our eye to eye connection, and non-verbal communication can dramatically affect the way that individuals see us. As a general rule it’s what we state, or the way that we don’t completely connect with that leaves individuals with an enduring Impression about the sort of individual we are. These pre-concelved ideas that individuals make about us are now and then troublesome, or even Impossible to survive. We will compose a custom article test on Initial introductions or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now we will examine how an oblivious conduct on our part can show itself into what can immediately turn into a compelling repellant to anybody, and everybody we come into contact with. In our general public we as a whole should act with a specific goal in mind, a rundown of unwritten principles is consistently in play about the way we â€Å"should† act, falling outside of the adequate standard and we are named as strange or even impolite. Additionally we will survey a short story from two unique points that is about a similar man yet remain As an unmistakable difference to each other. The hero in this story Is a man named John. As the day went on grinding away and it became vital John went to the store to purchase fixed. Simply the straightforward demonstration ot getting up and going out shows that John had an enthusiasm for his activity and bet to complete it, Along the manner in which John accepted each open door to appreciate the day. furthermore, associate with individuals he knew. John ensured that he was strolling on the radiant side of the road and any bystander could see that John was an exceptionally substance and confident Individual. Indeed, even as John advanced into store he kept a positive and benevolent disposition, to such an extent that when he saw a recognizable face he made opportunity to stop and make proper acquaintance. Promptly leaving the store he met another colleague and didn’t pass up on the opportunity to trade merriments, and after this he came back to work. John as radiating such a constructive vibration, that individuals who knew him couldnt help however need to be around an individual like him, John was showing an Incredible disposition, and everything was pointing towards John being totally â€Å"normal†. Indeed, even in the Bible it’s Paul expressing of â€Å"putting on the protective layer of God† that lets us know it’s a decision. It’s a choice that we make at some random time about how we should follow up on our own circumstance, supposing that we don’t act then all we have left to do Is respond and when that Is the main choice we are genuinely weak. As said previously, the early introduction that individuals torm f us Is more often than not the one that sticks to us, and none of us get another opportunity to establish that enduring connection once more. On the opposite side of the range, in the other short story we see John in an altogether different light. As a matter of first importance he chose to hold up until after work to proceed to get what he required, a generally excellent case of an individual who isnt engaged with his work. In the event that he Is Involved In his work Its solitary the absolute minimum. While strolling to the store John made each endeavor to remain where he couldn’t be seen, and when he nouced somebody he realized he settled on the choice to go across the road and avoid any ind of contact at all. After somewhat progressively solitary boasting John chose to return home and cover up until tomorrow. These are tales about a similar man, attempting to achieve a similar assignment and the two stories don’t sound like a similar man by any stretch of the imagination. In the second recounting a similar story John appeared to be a terrified youngster or some other ‘ Of2 similarly vulneraDle llttle vlctlm. Presently individuals tnat saw nlm were taking a gander at a totally unique individual, one that could just re-act to his life as opposed to following up on the world. This is an ideal case of how significant initial introductions are, and hy it’s so essential to leave individuals with an enduring impression of the sort of individual we truly are. IVe been informed that no one can really tell what sort of individual somebody is until after you see them when they think nobody is looking. After the primary story I felt like John had the world by the horns, and realized what he expected to do so he could exceed expectations and lead any pack he was in. Subsequent to perusing the second story John’s picture to me was that of a total quitter, and the sort of individual who experienced his life managing what was given to him. The sort of individual that is so used to being determined what to do and with definitely no spine. The subsequent John was a man that had a personal stake in being the more fragile of the species. If I somehow managed to switch the narratives and read the second one first, I don’t feel that things would look any better for John. My psyche would have been made up, I would have Just idea â€Å"he’s still a wuss†. Like I stated, initial introductions. No do ove

History of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic Capitol

History of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic Capitol Santo Domingo, theâ capital city of the Dominican Republic, is the most established constantly occupied European settlement in the Americas, having been established in 1498 by Bartholomew Columbus, sibling of Christopher. The city has a long and intriguing history, having been defrauded by privateers, overwhelm by slaves, re-named by a tyrant and that's only the tip of the iceberg. It is where history springs up, and the Dominicans are legitimately pleased with their status as the most seasoned European city in the Americas. Establishment of Santo Domingo Santo Domingo de Guzmn was really the third settlement on Hispaniola. The first, Navidad, comprised of about 40 mariners who were deserted by Columbus on his first journey when one of his boats sank. Navidad was cleared out by irate locals between the first and second journeys. At the point when Columbus returned on his subsequent journey, he established Isabela, close to introduce day Luperã ³n toward the northwest of Santo Domingo. Conditions at Isabela were not ideal, so Bartholomew Columbus moved the pilgrims to introduce day Santo Domingo in 1496, formally committing the city in 1498. Early Years and Importance The main provincial representative, Nicols de Ovando, showed up in Santo Domingo in 1502 and the city was formally the base camp for the investigation and triumph of the New World. Spanish courts and bureaucratic workplaces were set up, and a huge number of pilgrims went through on their approach to Spain’s newfound grounds. A significant number of the significant occasions of the early pilgrim period, for example, the triumphs of Cuba and Mexico, were arranged in Santo Domingo. Theft The city before long ran into some bad luck. With the triumph of the Aztecs and Inca complete, a considerable lot of the new pilgrims liked to go to Mexico or South America and the city deteriorated. In January of 1586, infamous privateer Sir Francis Drake had the option to effortlessly catch the city with under 700 men. The majority of the occupants of the city had fled when they heard Drake was coming. Drake remained for a monthâ until he had gotten a payment of 25,000 ducats for the city, and when he left, he and his men took away all that they could, including the congregation chimes. Santo Domingo was a seething ruin when he left. The French and Haiti Hispaniola and Santo Domingo set aside a long effort to recoup from the privateer strike, and in the mid-1600s, France, exploiting the still-debilitated Spanish barriers and searching for American states of its own, assaulted and caught the western portion of the island. They renamed it Haiti and acquired a huge number of African slaves. The Spanish were weak to stop themâ and withdrew toward the eastern portion of the island. In 1795 the Spanish had to surrender the remainder of the island, including Santo Domingo, to the French because of wars among France and Spain after the French Revolution. Haitian Domination and Independence The French didn't claim Santo Domingo for exceptionally long. In 1791, African slaves in Haiti revolted, and by 1804 had tossed the French out of the western portion of Hispaniola. In 1822, Haitian powers assaulted the eastern portion of the island, including Santo Domingo, and caught it. It wasn’t until 1844 that a decided gathering of Dominicans had the option to drive the Haitians back, and the Dominican Republic was free just because since Columbus originally set foot there. Common Wars and Skirmishes The Dominican Republic had developing agonies as a country. It continually battled with Haiti, was reoccupied by the Spanish for a long time (1861-1865), and experienced a progression of presidents. During this time, frontier time structures, for example, cautious dividers, places of worship, and the Diego Columbus house, were disregarded and fell into ruin. American association in the Dominican Republic expanded extraordinarily after the development of the Panama Canal: it was expected that European forces could hold onto the waterway utilizing Hispaniola as a base. The United States involved the Dominican Republic from 1916 to 1924. The Trujillo Era From 1930 to 1961 the Dominican Republic was governed by a despot, Rafael Trujillo. Trujillo was acclaimed for self-magnification, and renamed a few places in the Dominican Republic after himself, including Santo Domingo. The name was changed back after his death in 1961. Santo Domingo Today Present day Santo Domingo has rediscovered its underlying foundations. The city is as of now experiencing a travel industry blast, and numerous provincial period holy places, fortresses, and structures have as of late been remodeled. The pioneer quarter is an extraordinary spot to visit to see old design, see a few sights and have a dinner or a virus drink.

Effects of Terrorism on World Population Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Impacts of Terrorism on World Population - Essay Example Some portion of the United States’ reaction was to wage a war on a fear based oppressor supporting state, Afghanistan, trying to decimate the gathering answerable for the assault, which is another impact of psychological warfare. Notwithstanding political impacts, fear mongering carries with it monetary outcomes, which will be made more clear with the September 11 model, and mental results, which will be delineated utilizing different instances of psychological oppression from the previous century. Generally, the impacts of psychological oppression on a general public are terrible and purposeful, and they originate from that deliberate, schematic utilization of hostility to incur hurt on non military personnel populaces. Strategically, fear mongering brings out war and the standard expenses of war: military-related passings (as confirm by Operating Enduring Freedom), limitations on close to home freedoms (as confirm by the Patriot Act of 2001), and diminished trust in governme nts and open authorities to give wellbeing and security to the country. Since 2001 with the start of Operation Enduring Freedom, roughly 2,796 alliance fatalities have happened, which is a critical effect on networks inside the United States, Great Britain, and somewhere else (setbacks). The Patriot Act of 2001, which was passed as a methods for blocking and deterring fear based oppression, permits government law implementation to capture private interchanges between American residents. Notwithstanding limitations on close to home freedoms, fear based oppression for the most part brings about open doubt of governments and open authorities. Doubt in government during a period of emergency is commonly a wellspring of social destabilization, a type of skepticism that is a definitive objective of psychological oppression. Correspondingly, fear based oppression has clear financial ramifications for the locales and nations experiencing its belongings. An essential proportion of monetary p rofitability, for example, GDP, may give a quick point of view on how effective psychological oppression is on a macroeconomy. As per one investigation, the September eleventh assaults diminished genuine GDP development in 2001 by 0.5%, and expanded joblessness rate by 0.11% (or around 598,000 employments) (Roberts). What's more, determined GDP development for 2002 fell pointedly in light of the assaults, demonstrating lost customer certainty subsequently. Strategically and financially, the expense of national protection soar after the psychological militant assaults, which, as monetary Paul Krugman notes, is an aftereffect of the â€Å"political program empowered by terrorism† (Balogun 115). Now and again, and in a perfect world from the point of view of a psychological oppressor, the genuine assault will altogether impact financial targets. The World Trade Center, for example, contained fundamental data for global partnerships, which was totally lost in the assaults. What's more, the assaults happened principally in New York City, which houses the New York Stock Exchange that shut for seven days following the attacksâ€a conclusion that spoke to the stoppage of the worldwide economy. Ultimately, at a progressively singular level, the mental results of fear based oppression are similarly extreme. All Americans were beset with a comparable kind of neurosis (frequently filled by race) in the days, weeks, and even a long time after the September 11 assaults.

Put a Ring On It

Put a Ring On It About three hours ago, a large majority of the MIT Class of 2013 filed into Kresge Auditorium for one of the most awesome events of this semester: RING PREMIERE!!! Many of you may know this already, but for those who dont: the MIT class ring (a.k.a. Brass Rat) is not only one of the most recognized rings in the world but also pretty much the single item with which every MIT student hopes to graduate (aside from a diploma, of course). Its been known to help MIT students snag internships, land jobs, receive timely help from strangers, and earn solid respect. Our Brass Rats show the world how proud we are of our school 3 Earlier this evening, the Class of 2013 Ring Committee unveiled the 2013 Brass Rat design; thanks to Jeanne 13, I have some pictures to show all of you :) As we walked to our classes this morning, we saw the following, sitting demurely on the steps of 77 Mass Ave: From that moment on, the excitement and anticipation only grew. I struggled to pay attention through my classes and focus on my UROP. I distracted myself briefly with a 30 minute nap and a trip to the grocery store. But when 7:00 pm rolled around, I gave up and left the warmth of my dorm to line up with the other 13s outside of Kresge Auditorium. I love my class. All the yelling. The cheering. The laughing. The clapping. 2013s! Without further ado ~ I present to you all the 2013 MIT Brass Rat: :) What up, 13s! Do you see the 13 in the branch the beavers holding? And maybe an IHTFP cleverly inserted somewhere? And the 8 ivy leaves (haha, get it?) our beaver happens to be standing on? Props to our amazing RingComm: RingComm And now, all I need to do is find the money to pay for one: Sighits so worth it. [All photo credit in this entry goes to Jeanne 13 thank you, Jeanne!] Post Tagged #Brass Rat

Gender Discrimination Women Can Be Terminated for refusing to wear makeup - Free Essay Example

Introduction Title VII Gender Discrimination: Ninth Circuit Court ruled that women can be terminated for refusing to wear makeup. Jespersen v. Harrahs, 444 F3d 1104 (9th circuit, 2006). In this case, the ninth circuit held that Darlene Jespersen, a female bartender fired for not wearing makeup did not establish a prima facie case of gender discrimination under Title VII. According to Harvard Law Review (2006), gender inequality is exacerbated when the personal effects of the narrow standard of beauty are combined with economic barriers facing women. As amended in 2000, Harrahs Personal Best Policy requires that All Beverage Service Personnel, in addition to being friendly, polite, courteous, and responsive to our customers [sic] needs, must possess the ability to physically perform the essential factors of the job as set forth in the standard job descriptions. They must be well groomed, appealing to the eye, be firm and body toned, and be comfortable with maintaining this look while wearing the specified uniform. Additional factors to be considered include, but are not limited to, hair styles, overall body contour, and degree of comfort the employee projects while wearing the uniform. (Bible, 2007) Harrahs Personal Best Policy: Nail polish can be clear, white, pink or red color only. No exotic nail art or length. Shoes will be solid black leather or leather type with rubber (non skid) soles. Make up (face powder, blush, and mascara) must be worn and applied neatly in complimentary colors. Lip color must be worn at all times. For over twenty years, Darlene Jespersen was employed as a bartender at Harrahs casino in Reno, Nevada. She was an exemplary employee who received positive reviews from both customers and supervisors. Jespersen complied with the appearance policy in every respect except for the makeup requirement. She did not wear makeup on or off the job and said that wearing it would conflict with her self-image. She found the makeup requirement offensive and saw it as further evidence that Harrahs sells and exploits its women employees (Harvard Law, 2006). Jespersen sued Harrahs for gender discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, arguing that the appearance standards imposed unequal burdens on women and required women to conform to gender stereotypes. Summary judgment was granted for Harrahs by The United States District Court for the District of Nevada finding that although women were required to wear makeup, men were required to have short hair, so the burdens imposed by t he policy were equal. The district court also held that, under Ninth Circuit precedent, appearance standards were not impermissible gender stereotyping. Chief Judge Schroeder also concluded that the policy did not constitute illegal gender stereotyping because Jespersen had failed to produce any evidence beyond her subjective reaction that the policy was adopted based on a gender stereotype. (Harvard Law, 2006) Literature Review Title VII of The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex and national origin. It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individualâ„ ¢s race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, or to limit, segregate, or classify his employees or applicants for employment in any way which would deprive or tend to deprive any individual of employment opportunities or otherwise adversely affect his status as an employee. (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission) The court did not hold that the makeup policy was immune from a Title VII challenge. Instead, the court only held that on this record, Jespersen had failed to present evidence sufficient to survive summary judgment (Harvard Law, 2006). Harrahs Beverage Department Image Transformation Policy contained gender specific requirements. Men had to keep short hair and trimmed fingernails. Women were required to have their hair teased, curled, or styled every day. In addition, the women had to wear makeup and meet with image consultants and wear their makeup as the consultants directed. Jespersen felt degraded and demeaned by the policy, and claimed that the makeup policy prohibited her from doing her job. The policy affected her self-dignity and took away her credibility as an individual. Because of this, Jespersen refused to wear makeup. She was effectively terminated. (Harvard Law, 2006) In addition to economic burdens not shared by men, women at Harrahs face unequal physical burdens. Makeup can cause allergic reactions, and most seriously, according to the Cancer Prevention Coalition, cosmetics can be cancer risks. The simple act of wearing makeup can cause these chemicals to enter the bloodstream. These risks are a severe burden imposed by Harrahs makeup policy. Because only women are subject to these risks, Harrahs policy imposes unequal burdens. Jespersen was subjected to daily requirements to look attractive. Being told every day that she was not attractive enough for work, despite having proven herself an excellent employee for twenty years, Jespersen felt a burden not shared by the men with whom she worked. (Harvard Law, 2006) Over the years, societal attitudes towards the use of makeup have evolved. Women who wear makeup are often perceived as beautiful. In the past, however, the shift in societal attitudes was so complete that makeup was linked with a female tendency to vice, and painted women were seen as corruptible and uncontrollable sexually (Bible, 2007). When the role of women underwent rapid social change, makeup became more popular. People also came to believe that makeup would reveal the good and beautiful woman inside. In some cases employers use it to screen women into and out of the workplace. Certain jobs require the employees to be appealing to the eye. It is, of course, one thing to choose to wear makeup at work and another to have to do so. Discrimination based on gender (or sex) is a common civil rights violation that takes many forms, including sexual harassment, pregnancy discrimination, and unequal pay for women who do the same jobs as men. Unfortunately, most U.S. women are all too familiar with all of these inequalities (FindLaw, 2017). Despite the passing of time since laws such as Title VII or the Equal Pay Act were enacted, gender discrimination in the workplace continues to be a major problem. Gender discrimination was not proven in this case. Jespersen was not subjected to sexual harassment, nor did she earn less money than her male co-workers. The company amended its employee policy and requirements were made for the men and women. Both sexes had to be well groomed, appealing to the eye, and have a firm and toned body. In addition, the women were required to wear makeup. Analysis The district court granted summary judgment for the employer, holding that the employers policy did not constitute sex discrimination because it imposed equal burdens on both sexes. The employee appealed, arguing that the makeup requirement imposed innumerable tangible burdens on female employees that male employees did not share because cosmetics could cost hundreds of dollars per year and putting on makeup required a significant investment in time. The judgment of the district court is affirmed.

The Girl Of Everyone s Dreams - 862 Words

Think of the girl of everyone’s dreams. She is perfect, her hair makes them think of golden fields blowing in the wind. Her eyes pop like the prettiest fireworks on the Fourth of July. Her smile shines brighter than the sun. She makes them happy with the simplest things. When she looks at them, they feel like a child. A child who is opening their presents on Christmas morning. They can be themselves around this girl. This is a story about Larry-Gerry. He is in love with this girl. This is a story about this girl and how he finally got his chance. It started off as a wonderful day. The sun was shining, the birds were singing beautiful songs, and the air was smooth and refreshing. He pulled his phone out and texted the girl and asked if†¦show more content†¦They sat on a bench. â€Å"I have a question?† She had asked. †¦ Oh, do not ask, â€Å"What is it?† He replied. â€Å"Are you in love with me..?† she had asked the question he knew would come. â€Å"Yes, I truly am.† He said with fear. Fear that she did not feel the same. Fear that she would scurry off and never talk to him again. â€Å"Good. Because I’m in love with you too.† she said. He felt a rush of happiness. He felt like a new man. And in that moment. He had awoken from what had been the best, yet worst dream of his life. He had felt like this was the loneliest moment in someone’s life, when they are watching their whole world fall apart, and all they can do is stare blankly. He thought he would never see the wonderful, perfect women, that he had fallen in love with. He thought he would never have another chance at happiness again. He had found the greatest girl possible. â€Å"I need to find this love, if I don’t, I don’t think I will be able to be truly happy.† He thought to himself. So he packed his bags and started his journey. He knew this would be a long journey that could take a long time. But he had high hopes it would be worth it. While on his journey, he had many encounters with girls that at first, he thought was the one from his dreams. But there was something missing with all these girls. He had traveled all across America.He stayed in one-night cheap hotels. He never found the girl that he had encountered in his dreams. He had searched

The Bluest Eyes By Toni Morrison - 984 Words

The Bluest Eyes by Toni Morrison is a short novel that revolves around a young girl named Pecola Breedlove who is a victim to incest and rape by her own father Cholly. In the town Lorain, Ohio Pecola becomes friends with a young nine year old girl named Claudia MacTeer and her ten year old sister Frieda. The MacTeer family takes in Pecola Breedlove when her father Cholly attempts to burn her house down and hits her mother, Pauline. Pecola is described as a quiet and soft spoken. Her life at home is difficult because of the domestic violence and her father’s abuse of alcohol. Pecola is under the impression that if she were prettier her parents would be nicer to each other. She equalizes beauty with whiteness. She begins to pray for a pair of pretty blue eyes so the world can view her differently and change the way she sees the world. Soon after Pecola returns home she gets raped. The town soon finds out after Pecola becomes pregnant and although everyone in town wants the baby dead, Claudia and Frieda hope the baby lives. Pauline and Pecola pickup and move after Pecola loses the baby and starts to lose her sanity. In the end Pecola sees a psychic to obtain the blue eyes and she really believes he gave her blue eyes. The major theme in this novel outside of incest is how race is perceived in the eyes of young girls and how it is associated with beauty and purity. Among the theme of race are love, sex, innocence, and the roles of black women. Race to Pecola revolved aroundShow MoreRelatedThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1720 Words   |  7 Pagesof The Bluest Eye, Toni Morrison, criticizes the danger of race discrimination for any kinds of situations with no exception. The purpose of the paper is explain how pervasive and destructive social racism was bound to happen in American society. The intended audiences are not only black people, but also other races had suffered racism until now. I could find out and concentrate on the most notable symbols which ar e whiteness, blue eyes and the characterization while reading the novel. Toni MorrisonRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1587 Words   |  7 Pagessaid, â€Å"We were born to die and we die to live.† Toni Morrison correlates to Nelson’s quote in her Nobel Lecture of 1993, â€Å"We die. That may be the meaning of life. But we do language. That may be the measure of our lives.† In Toni Morrison’s novel, The Bluest Eye, she uses language to examine the concepts of racism, lack of self-identity, gender roles, and socioeconomic hardships as they factor into a misinterpretation of the American Dream. Morrison illustrates problems that these issues provoke throughRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison956 Words   |  4 PagesHistory of Slavery Influenced the Characters of The Bluest Eye Unlike so many pieces of American literature that involve and examine the history of slavery and the years of intensely-entrenched racism that ensued, the overall plot of the novel, The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison, does not necessarily involve slavery directly, but rather examines the aftermath by delving into African-American self-hatred. Nearly all of the main characters in The Bluest Eye who are African American are dominated by the endlessRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1189 Words   |  5 PagesA standard of beauty is established by the society in which a person lives and then supported by its members in the community. In the novel The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison, we are given an extensive understanding of how whiteness is the standard of beauty through messages throughout the novel that whiteness is superior. Morrison emphasizes how this ideality distorts the minds and lives of African-American women and children. He emphasizes that in order for African-American wom en to survive in aRead MoreThe Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison1095 Words   |  5 PagesSocial class is a major theme in the book The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison. Toni Morrison is saying that there are dysfunctional families in every social class, though people only think of it in the lower class. Toni Morrison was also stating that people also use social class to separate themselves from others and apart from race; social class is one thing Pauline and Geraldine admire.Claudia, Pecola, and Frieda are affected by not only their own social status, but others social status too - for exampleRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison2069 Words   |  9 Pagesblack/whiteness. Specifically, white people were positioned at the upper part of the hierarchy, whereas, African Americans were inferior. Consequently, white people were able to control and dictate to the standards of beauty. In her novel, ‘The Bluest Eye’, Toni Morrison draws upon symbolism, narrative voice, setting and id eals of the time to expose the effects these standards had on the different characters. With the juxtaposition of Claudia MacTeer and Pecola Breedlove, who naively conforms to the barrierRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1103 Words   |  5 Pages Toni Morrison is known for her prized works exploring themes and issues that are rampant in African American communities. Viewing Toni Morrison’s novel The Bluest Eye from a psychoanalytical lens sheds light onto how, as members of a marginalized group, character’s low self-esteem reflect into their actions, desires, and defense mechanisms. In her analysis of psychoanalytical criticism, Lois Tyson focuses on psychological defense mechanisms such as selective perception, selective memory, denialRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison Essay1314 Words   |  6 PagesThe Bluest Eye, by Toni Morrison, encompasses the themes of youth, gender, and race. The African American Civil Rights Movement had recently ended at the time the novel was written. In the book, Morrison utilizes a first-person story to convey her views on racial inequality. The protagonist and her friends find themselves in moments where they are filled with embarrassment and have a wish to flee such events. Since they are female African Americans, they are humiliated in society. One of Morrison’sRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1462 Words   |  6 PagesBildungsroman literature in the 20th century embodies the virtues of different authors’ contexts and cultures, influencing the fictional stories of children’s lives around the wo rld.. The Bluest Eye is a 1970 publication by Toni Morrison set in 1940s Ohio in America, focal around the consequence of racism in an American community on the growth of a child, distinct in its use of a range of narrative perspectives. Annie John by Jamaica Kincaid is a novel set in post colonial Antigua, published in 1985Read MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison992 Words   |  4 PagesSet in the 1940s, during the Great Depression, the novel The Bluest Eye, by Toni Morrison, illustrates in the inner struggles of African-American criticism. The Breedloves, the family the story revolves around a poor, black and ugly family. They live in a two-room store front, which is open, showing that they have nothing. In the family there is a girl named Pecola Breedlove, she is a black and thinks that she is ugly because she is not white. Pecola’s father, Cholly Breedlove, goes through humiliated

America Is A Nation Of Immigrants - 1561 Words

United States of America is a nation of immigrants. Therefore, our American journey and our achievements merely not be possible without the generations of immigrants who have come to our shores from every corner of the earth. And It is helpful to take a moment to mirror on the important aids by the generations of immigrants who have helped us build our economy, and made America the economic engine of the world. Because some of these Immigrants with there being here in U.S, the economy will be shaking and won’t be where it is now. Examples, of the Immigrants contributions to the American Soil are, the Immigrants help to create jobs, the Immigrants help to increase the nation’s capacity towards developing new ideas, and the Immigrants†¦show more content†¦2- Anti-Immigrant leaders, believe that Immigrants abuse the welfare state, the reason they said this is because most legal immigrants don’t have access to means-tested welfare during their first five yea rs unless with limited exceptions and Immigrants unauthorized don’t have access rather except with emergency Medicaid. Therefore, Immigrants are more less likely to use the means-tested welfare that is alike to the native-born Americans. But when they finally do use welfare, the value of dollar benefits consumed or used tend to be smaller. Whereas, if a poor native-born American used Medicaid at the same rate and consumed or used the same value of benefits as poor immigrants, will cause the program to be 42% smaller. In addition, Immigrants tend to make a great large net of contribution to Medicare and social security, especially to the largest portion of the welfare state, reason because of their ages, ineligibility and their greater likelihood of retirement in their various countries. 3- Anti-Immigrant leaders, believed and argued that Immigrants are crime inclined or prone, however this myth has been lingering over the years but was true as of 1896, 1909, 1931, 1994 as well as recent dates. Immigrants however are less likely to face imprisonment over violate and property crimes, reason because some cities where moreShow MoreRelatedAmerica as a Nation of Immigrants Essay1787 Words   |  8 PagesAmerica as a Nation of Immigrants America has, is, and will always be a nation of immigrants: the great melting pot. In the years that have passed since Emma Lazarus poem was inscribed on the Statue of Liberty the golden door Americans have seen times when the door was open wide and times when it was close shut to most immigrants (Sure 4). Many people look at the present immigration problems as a purely modern dilemma. The truth is America has always struggled with the issue of immigrationRead MoreAmerica Is A Nation Full Of Immigrants1840 Words   |  8 PagesAmerica is generally a nation full of immigrants. The biggest beckon of immigrants was witnessed in the nineteenth century (Maestro and Ryan 11).The immigrants mainly consist of refugees from problematic areas all over the word. They have contributed a great deal to the rich structure of life of the American population. Many immigrants come to America in search of greener pastures. It is called â€Å"the land of the free.† The immigrants carry great e xpectations with them as they come to America but areRead MoreAmerica Is A Nation That Created By Settlers And Immigrants948 Words   |  4 Pagescountry for numerous reasons. America is a nation that was created by settlers and immigrants; it boasts an inherently diverse assemblage of citizens, unlike many other countries in the world. It’s a country that was built by people with a distinct set of values that honor an individual’s â€Å"God-given† rights; a set of values that further shaped how the world came to understand and view humanity. Admittedly, what I’ve come to learn about America feels fairly distant, as America has grown and changed throughoutRead MoreA Nation Of Immigrants And The United States Of America2299 Words   |  10 PagesA NATION OF IMMIGRANTS The Ways that Immigration has Shaped and Benefited the United States of America Scott Williams US History Plato Unit Activity Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free... -- Emma Lazarus (from the poem The New Colossus) These words by Emma Lazarus, inscribed on a plaque on the Statue of Liberty, strike a chord of yearning for freedom in the minds of suffering yet hopeful people, and invoke a picture of the United States meeting the immigrantRead More America Is A Nation of Immigrants Essay2105 Words   |  9 Pagessee that immigration is beneficial to our country and should not be abandoned. Instead, it should be increased. Approximately 800,000 immigrants enter the United States each year. Of this number, 480,000 of them are family sponsored, meaning that they are immediate relatives to American citizens, such as a spouse, child, or sibling. Employment-based immigrants total 140,000 each year. This means that they are, â€Å"skilled professionals with exceptional ability and other priority workers, immigratingRead MoreHow Can America Become A Better Immigrant Nation?1245 Words   |  5 PagesHow Can America Become a Better Immigrant Nation Again? It has become evident to many that the American economy is declining in recent years. Journalists are pointing out that one of the reasons why it got weaker is due to a failed immigration system and outdated policies towards illegal immigrants. For instance, Fareed Zakaria from Time magazine says, although America was once considered an example to many other immigrant nations, it is now falling behind some of them in terms of immigration-relatedRead MoreThe Land Of Opportunity : Immigrants1509 Words   |  7 PagesThe Land of Opportunity Immigrants created America, a nation that has embraced immigration. Throughout the years, America developed its â€Å"American Dream† concept, which states that anyone can succeed in the United States as long as that person works hard and does gives up. That concept, hope or dream attracts thousands of individuals, many of which leave their native countries with their hearth full of hope and the illusion of reaching and living the â€Å"American Dream.† However, the wonderful dreamRead MoreImmigration : An Influential Aspect Of American History1172 Words   |  5 Pagesbeginnings of the nation in the seventeenth century to the present day, millions of people, from a variety of different and distinct nations and cultures, made the great journey to the United States to pursue greater economic and social opportunities. Immigration has been an influential aspect of American history. These immigrants have enhanced and contributed greatly to the fabric and the story of Amer ica. They have brought with them diversity and aspects of their cultures that made America the great meltingRead MoreImmigration, The Land Of Opportunity For People1478 Words   |  6 Pagesimmigration has shaped America into who she is today. July 4, 1776, was the day immigrants first stepped onto North American soil and claimed the land as theirs. The impact of migration on a country this big can’t be ignored, especially because the people coming to live in America are usually from Third World countries and are looking for employment and to be shown a better way a life. Like anything else, there are both huge pros and cons to Third World immigration. Once, America was known as the landRead MoreThe Official Definition Of Illegal Is â€Å"Contrary To Or Forbidden1517 Words   |  7 Pagesis â€Å"contrary to or forbidden by law†. The definition of an Immigrant is â€Å"an individual who comes to live permanently in a foreign country†. Therefore Illegal Immig rants are foreigners who enter another country, the United States of America, without a Visa. They cross the border by avoiding inspection and overstay the allotted period of time allowed as a visitor, tourist, or businessperson. There are 12 million illegal immigrants in America today. How is the possible if it is illegal? And more importantly

The Market Can Sustain a Charity Organization Vegan Society That Encou Case Study

Essays on The Market Can Sustain a Charity Organization Vegan Society That Encourages Eating Products Free of Meat Case Study The paper â€Å"The Market Can Sustain a Charity Organization Vegan Society That Encourages Eating Products Free of Meat" is an exciting version of a case study on social science. Vegan society is a charity organization that is registered in the United Kingdom, and continuously promotes products based on veganism. The organization that was founded in 1944 encourages people not to consume animal products such as meat, eggs, honey, and lanolin to name some. Most of these considerations are based on moral, ethical, and ideology and they are against any activity that utilizes animals in research or any scientific obligations. For example, they are against animal testing, factory farming, or utilization of land intensively for the purpose of animal productions. The vegan society promotes veganism because they think that animal farming industries are among the top causes of numerous environmental problems, and vegans are championing the non-use of animal products so that they can tackle s uch problems. All over the world, different vegans exist but all of them are linked together, and through AGM set the policy, which helps in shaping the future of veganism, and the members also improve on the financial health of the Society through introducing new members. The more members mean that more money will be accumulated while their members ensure that more knowledge from diverse regions is accumulated and shared for the well-being of society.Vegan society continuously promotes veganism through consuming vegan diets, which are commonly vegetarian dishes. Generally, scientific research has shown that properly planned vegan diets are healthy and usually satisfy nutritional needs. However, those diets that are poorly planned may lack iodine, calcium, vitamin D and vitamin B12. Even though vegans are few, they account for between 0.25% and 0.4% of the United Kingdom population. Various statistics have shown that the number of vegetarians is growing. The National Diet and Nutrit ion Survey that was carried out by the UK Food Standard Agency in 2002 indicates 5% of the respondents associate themselves with veganism. However, this 5% viewed differently as animal products. For example, 29% of them avoid all animal products while 5% of the 5% of respondents avoid dairy products. Generally, this can be extrapolated to mean that a 0.25% UK population champion vegan diet. Another research that was carried out in 2007 by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs showed that attitudinal behavior of the UK population towards the environment was 2.24% of the population linked themselves to veganism. Moreover, the same study showed those vegetarians who do consume fish and chicken constituted 2.7% of the population. The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs indicates that more men compared to women are vegan, most of the vegan live in cities, while 16-29 years old champions veganism (Vegetarian Society, 2010).Additionally and according to Glas gow University, 10% of sandwiches and hot meals that are offered by Hospitality Service lie within or have a vegan option. Moreover, according to The Vegan Society (2010) website, figures estimate that those products that are free from meat in the UK are worth  £548 million a year, and this is an increase from  £333 million that was reported in 1996. The increase in the number of vegetarians may be based on the healthful and environmentally friendly nature of vegan diets. Thus, promoting vegans diet as part of nutritionally sound diets produced with care, and beneficial in the prevention of diseases has continuously improved the market for a vegan diet. Generally, promoters are supposed to tailor communication to their audiences through emphasizing environmental and animal benefits and focus on the healthiness of such products, this will improve the perception towards meat-free products, and thus may reach out to true vegans and vegetarians.

Mental Illness and Crim Behavior Free Essays

A study done in 1999 shows that out of the three million arrests made, we can see that no specific race, economic group, or gender group is the cause for such a high number of arrests. In the reading it seems as if criminal behavior is spoken about as a means to satisfy ones needs in order to make up for something that they lack. For example in the reading it explains how young adults are often frustrated with their lives regardless of race or economic status, they will find a way to take their frustrations and lash out. We will write a custom essay sample on Mental Illness and Crim Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is to say that no matter how â€Å"normal† or â€Å"bizarre† the criminal’s mind seems to be, the criminal still has comprehension and attention to detail of the crime they have been involved in and so they cannot be claimed as â€Å"mentally ill†. Contrary to these findings, one might argue that even though crime is not necessarily a â€Å"race† or â€Å"economic† factor but it does play a role in one’s life (environmental factors). In general it is known that criminal behavior is both an individual and social problem. Some crimes are plotted and carried out while others seem more of a compulsive act. Either way, these crimes require â€Å"logic and self-control†, as it says in the reading. (Page 26) This reading further suggests that no matter how out of the norm a criminal act mat be, the offender has a complete understanding and awareness of the crime and their actions that go along with carrying out the crime. This defeats the groundings of the insanity or the mentally ill but guilty defense. However, after looking back at the reading, one may question the statements made because they seem to one sided in that they are not exploring the idea of a criminal who is mentally ill and just exploring the idea that society is the cause of criminal acts. One statement that is made which stands out is when it is said that â€Å"crime is not contagious like the chicken pox†. While it stands true that just because one person in a community decides to partake in criminal behavior, it does not mean to say that others will soon begin to engage in similar behavior simply because they are close to that initial person. However, when it comes to people who are mentally ill the crimes they commit are a type of â€Å"chicken pox† in that certain mental illnesses cause certain types of crimes so that it is sometimes detectable based on one’s behavior if they are going to commit a crime linked to their mental illness. Also, if a criminal with a mental illness is put into the general population of a correctional facility, they may be influenced by others and their behavior to act in a way similar to those they had contact with. Although the environment of a person often determines their behavior, logic, and emotions their DNA or pre-disposed conditions also play a role. Referring back to the example given on page 27, a man who murdered his wife in the heat of an argument would not be considered for the insanity defense because of his â€Å"temporary insanity† through a violent crime of passion. To Samenow, this person was not â€Å"seized by an alien† or had an â€Å"uncontrollable impulse† and so this man was not out of character for committing this crime because according to Samenow he had voiced in the past that he had wished her dead or that the man often held vendettas against those who crossed him. Samenow then shows a case in which a man with worse problems (his wife cheating on him), did not seek revenge in this way and chose to act rationally by petitioning for a divorce. According to Samenow the first case exhibits a man not with a mental illness but with a social/personal problem whose environment forces him to choose to act in such a way. Although compelling it can be argued that this instead is an example of a man who is able to portray or mimic what the â€Å"norm† is and can appear to be functioning normally despite having there be a severe mental illness such as a personality disorder in which he engages in purposeful malicious behavior (pushing his wife, seeking revenge for those who harm him) and may actually be more harm to himself than others before murdering his wife. This person may be highly charming, intelligent, and able to be very put together meanwhile internally he cannot cope with the environment around him and so he creates this persona of the person who others expect him to be. This is a person who suffers from a major mental illness and will not be able to emotionally understand their crimes or the logic/morality for why it is wrong. Although having a mental illness may for an individual to act in a certain way, it does not excuse their actions and they should have consequences just as any other person would. However, a person with a mental illness should be held to a different level of responsibility since they already cannot cope with their lives which is why they acted in such a way to begin with. A criminal with a mental illness should be put into therapy to allow them to gain techniques to cope with life and with situations which cause them to act out along with an incarceration sentence. How to cite Mental Illness and Crim Behavior, Papers

Extinction free essay sample

Using the word â€Å"thou,† showering once a year, and dressing up at airports are all things that were once practiced religiously no longer a necessity of today’s ever-changing world. Extinction is part of the natural evolution of our world. It is the cycle that claimed the dinosaur and the dodo bird, bell bottoms and speakeasies. However, if I could wave my hands in a circular motion, waft in the presence of the almighty and save one thing from this vicious cycle it would be literature. For through literature, we as a society can form ideas and practices that never before crossed our minds. A fountain of questions, ideas, youth, true beauty, love, lust, and anything and everything found on the complex palette of human emotion and thought leaks through the pages of literature marinating our brains in the idea that there is so much more. Our world is a place of broken molds and shattered glass ceilings. We will write a custom essay sample on Extinction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Grant it Gossip Girl and The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants probably had nothing to do with it, but the likes of Socrates, Thoreau, and Twain did. Whether pondering philosophy on the shores of Walden Pond or learning about how to be a true friend with Huckleberry Finn, literature can take us to places and thoughts just out of our reach. For literature tests the limits of our souls and the direction of our hearts simply through words splattered in ink accordingly onto paper. It is the heartbeat of human thought pumping ideas into our ever-changing philosophies. To save literature from extinction I would ask the world where it would be without works of fiction and fact that inspired the great thinkers of our time and those before us. Where would we be if Shakespeare never asked, â€Å"To be or not to be?† Where would we be if Gatsby never yearned for the green light, or if Atticus Finch never stood up for equal rights in a sweaty southern courtroom? To erase all forms of lit erature from society would be to erase advanced thought. For because of its history with the world, the relationship it has with society, and the utter importance of it in our culture, literature would never become extinct in a sane world. In â€Å"Ulysses† Tennyson states, â€Å"We are not now that strength which in old days Moved earth and heaven, that which we are, we are, One equal temper of heroic hearts, Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.† We can no longer set out on epic voyages to discover new land on earth. But, literature has given us the courage to realize our strengths, put aside our weaknesses and like Ulysses stretch to the horizon, to take â€Å"the road less traveled by,† to raise our sails and never look back. Literature is a vessel that knows no barriers; it is the physical evidence of the development of the human brain. For without literature our minds would forever remain within the m olds of society, trapped in a set pattern. Knowing not of the thoughts of those that came before us would constrict us beyond belief. For literature is an outlet to the world, a window into our souls, and an inspiration to the next great mind. Referenced: †¢ Gossip Girl Cecily Von Ziegesar †¢ The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants Ann Brashares †¢ Walden – Henry David Thoreau †¢ Huckleberry Finn- Mark Twain †¢ Hamlet- William Shakespeare †¢ To Kill A Mockingbird- Harper Lee †¢ The Great Gatsby- F. Scott Fitzgerald †¢ Ulysses- Alfred Tennyson †¢ The Road Not Taken- Robert Frost

Coffee Wars In India Case MGT free essay sample

Struck offered customs r service that CDC trudged with and offered a new and exciting brand to younger customers. H forever, the 50% higher prices at Struck was a turnoff to younger customers who were very loyal the the CDC brand. The strategic issue of this case is how Cafe Coffee Day should manage its business strategy in order to compete with Struck entering the Indian coffee market Strategic Analysis Porters five forces of industry competition serve as an excellent tool for exam inning the industrialized competitive environment for CDC.Threat of new entrants is real vilely high as they have been faced by Struck, Costa, Lava, and more. They are however the market leaders in India and one of the largest exporters of coffee in the country. Lead ins to the rivalry among competitors in the industry which is medium, contingent to the .NET range of Struck. CDC currently has 40% of the market. We will write a custom essay sample on Coffee Wars In India Case MGT or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The bargaining power of sup pliers is low, as CDC produces its own coffee and therefore does not face any issue.

Leonardo Da Vinci 2000-07-02 Essays - Giftedness,

Leonardo Da Vinci 2000-07-02 Leonardo Da Vinci is one of the greatest and most ingenious men that history has produced. His contributions in the areas of art, science, and humanity are still among the most important that a single man has put forth, definitely making his a life worth knowing. Da Vinci, born on April 15, 1452, is credited with being a master painter, sculptor, architect, musician, engineer, and scientist. He was born an illegitimate child to Catherina, a peasant girl. His father was Ser Piero da Vinci, a public notary for the city of Florence, Italy. For the first four years of his life he lived with his mother in the small village of Vinci, directly outside of the great center of the Renaissance, Florence. Catherina was a poor woman, with possible artistic talent, the genetic basis of Leonardo's talents. Upon the realization of Leonardo's potential, his father took the boy to live with him and his wife in Florence (Why did). This was the start of the boy's education and his quest for knowledge. Leonardo was recognized by many to be a Renaissance child because of his many talents. As a boy, Leonardo was described as being handsome, strong, and agile. He had keen powers of observation, an imagination, and the ability to detach himself from the world around him. At an early age Leonardo became interested in subjects such as botany, geology, animals (specifically birds), the motion of water, and shadows (About Leonardo). At the age of 17, in about 1469, Leonardo was apprenticed as a garzone (studio boy) to Andrea del Verrocchio, the leading Florentine painter and sculptor of his day. In Verrocchio's workshop Leonardo was introduced to many techniques, from the painting of altarpieces and panel pictures to the creation of large sculptural projects in marble and bronze. In 1472 he was accepted in the painter's guild of Florence, and worked there for about six years. While there, Leonardo often painted portions of Verrocchio's paintings for him, such as the background and the kneeling angel on the left in the Baptism of Christ (Encarta). Leonardo's sections of the painting have soft shadings, with shadows concealing the edges. These areas are distinguished easily against the sharply defined figures and objects of Verrocchio, that reflect the style called Early Renaissance. Leonardo's more graceful approach marked the beginning of the High Renaissance. However, this style did not become more popular in Italy for another 25 year (Gilbert 46). Leonardo actually started the popularization of this style. For this reason Leonardo could be called the Father of the High Renaissance. Leonardo's leading skills emerged through his paintings and his techniques. Leonardo's talents soon drew him away from the Guild and in 1472 Leonardo finished his first complete painting, Annunciation. In 1478 Leonardo reached the title of an Independent Master. His first large painting, The Adoration of the Magi (begun in 1481), which was left unfinished, was ordered in 1481 for the Monastery of San Donato a Scopeto, Florence. Other works ascribed to his youth are the Benois Madonna (1478), the portrait Ginevra de' Benci (1474), and the unfinished Saint Jerome (1481). Leonardo expanded his skills to other branches of interest and in 1481 Leonardo wrote an astonishing letter to the Duke of Milan, Ludovico Sforza. In this letter he stated that he knew how to build portable bridges; that he knew the techniques of constructing bombardments and of making cannons; that he could build ships as well as armored vehicles, catapults, and other war machines; and that he could execute sculpture in marble, bronze, and clay. Thus, he entered the service of the Duke in 1482, working on Ludovico's castle, organizing festivals, and he became recognized as an expert in military engineering and arms. Under the Duke, Leonardo served many positions. He served as principal engineer in the Duke's numerous military enterprises and was active as an architect (Encarta). As a military engineer Leonardo designed artillery and planned the diversion of rivers. He also improved many inventions that were already in use such as the rope ladder. Leonardo also drew pictures of an armored tank hundreds of years ahead of its time. His concept failed because the tank was too heavy to be mobile and the hand cranks he designed were not strong enough to support such a vehicle. As a civil engineer, he designed revolving stages for pageants. As a sculptor he planned a huge monument of the Duke's father mounted up on a

Free Essays on Random Acts Of Kindness

Random Acts of Kindness A well known Japanese proverb reads, â€Å"One kind word can warm three winter months.† One word, one action, one simple display of affection can be more than you could ever imagine. From saying good morning to volunteering around the community, the number of ways to pass along kindness is endless. Many underestimate the little things in life – which actually end of being extremely valuable. I would like to share with you all this evening some examples of random acts of kindness, how they affect others as well as yourself, and hopefully transform or reinforce your views on passing kindness along. There are several different forms of random acts of kindness. Ranging from holding an open door for someone, to picking up litter, to working at a retirement home. I myself volunteer at the local Virginia Living Museum, and I love working with the animals and guest. A well known book, Chicken Soup for the Teenage Soul II, comprised of heart-felt stories shares one on love and kindness. READ â€Å"A SIMPLE HELLO,† PAGE 97. Actsofkindness.org posts recent stories of inspiration as well. An anonymous member writes how she randomly felt like doing something special for her neighbors one day. She went out and bought a bunch of flowers early in the morning and with those flowers, stuck one in the plastic bag of each of her neighbors’ newspapers. Imagine the expression of these peoples’ faces when they got a little something extra to brighten their day. After giving you a few examples of random acts of kindness, you can probably guess how they affect others. Carmelia Elliot once said, â€Å"Make yourself a blessing to someone. Your kind smile or pat on the back just might pull someone back from the edge.† These simple acts allow others to feel special, to feel appreciated, or even to feel loved. You should not only recognize those who you yourself care for – but when you affect a stranger, you can ... Free Essays on Random Acts Of Kindness Free Essays on Random Acts Of Kindness Random Acts of Kindness A well known Japanese proverb reads, â€Å"One kind word can warm three winter months.† One word, one action, one simple display of affection can be more than you could ever imagine. From saying good morning to volunteering around the community, the number of ways to pass along kindness is endless. Many underestimate the little things in life – which actually end of being extremely valuable. I would like to share with you all this evening some examples of random acts of kindness, how they affect others as well as yourself, and hopefully transform or reinforce your views on passing kindness along. There are several different forms of random acts of kindness. Ranging from holding an open door for someone, to picking up litter, to working at a retirement home. I myself volunteer at the local Virginia Living Museum, and I love working with the animals and guest. A well known book, Chicken Soup for the Teenage Soul II, comprised of heart-felt stories shares one on love and kindness. READ â€Å"A SIMPLE HELLO,† PAGE 97. Actsofkindness.org posts recent stories of inspiration as well. An anonymous member writes how she randomly felt like doing something special for her neighbors one day. She went out and bought a bunch of flowers early in the morning and with those flowers, stuck one in the plastic bag of each of her neighbors’ newspapers. Imagine the expression of these peoples’ faces when they got a little something extra to brighten their day. After giving you a few examples of random acts of kindness, you can probably guess how they affect others. Carmelia Elliot once said, â€Å"Make yourself a blessing to someone. Your kind smile or pat on the back just might pull someone back from the edge.† These simple acts allow others to feel special, to feel appreciated, or even to feel loved. You should not only recognize those who you yourself care for – but when you affect a stranger, you can ...

The Motorcycles Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Motorcycles Company - Essay Example The size of these engines ranges from 500 cc to 1000 cc. Now the organization is planning to introduce large tour class motorcycles in order to target those customers who love to travel long distance. The proposed target market for this segmented motor cycles are the males aged between 35 and 60. The organization is targeting the customers whose income level ranges from 55, 000 US dollar to 100, 000 US dollars. The management of the organization decided to develop new strategies for newly proposed motorcycles. In addition to this, the organization will try to continue with its existing products in order to maintain existing client base. Discussion This part of the essay will outline required process steps that are required to develop the motor cycle. Process Steps and Rational for response First of all, it is important for a project manager to identify key suppliers for the required engines that are used in touring class motorcycles. Many suppliers and distributors are available in t he market. But it will be effective for the organization to rely on old and existing suppliers. The project management team should find out effective and skilled workforce who has the ability to fix the engines and parts and develop new touring class motor cycle. It has been discussed in the case study that the organization is trying to use larger than 1100 cc engines in their touring class motor cycle. ... The organization should develop a budget for manufacturing and distributing these motorcycles to end customers. The organization should try to give high quality parts and engines in the motorcycle to gain significant customer loyalty and high brand preference. In addition to this, effective budget management process will help the organization to determine the pricing of motorcycles. The project management team should try to incorporate advanced technology in business process as it will help the organization to reduce the operating time and cost. In addition to this, the employees of organization can feel limited work pressure by this strategy implication. Promotion is an important element for an organization to market its products and services. Motorcycle rally, digital media promotions and online advertising will help the organization to create huge brand awareness. Last but not the least; the organization should give value to after sales service and feedback process as it will help the organization’s project management team to improve the quality of the motorcycles. Recommended Strategy to senior executives It is important for the organization to focus on its existing business activities rather than wholly focus on new business strategies. It is true that the organization is implementing new business and product differentiation strategy based on the recognition and profitability of existing business. The senior executives should realize that maintaining business sustainability in the long term is the important objective for the organizations. On the other hand, creating some brand awareness on the mind of target customers for the newly developed motorcycle would serve short term needs of this motorcycle company. It is impossible for the organization to

Contribution of 2010 World Cup To Local Businesses Term Paper

Contribution of 2010 World Cup To Local Businesses - Term Paper Example The main area of consideration in this review is the impact on local businesses. There are several expenses incurred during preparation and several benefits result from the events according to Maennig & Zimbalist (2012). The first article by Andrew Carlson discusses the heavy spending during the stadia construction. The government spent several million for the stadia at the expense of local projects. The tournament attracted investment from foreign companies and local companies were excluded from participating at the event. The big companies benefited from the constructions and FIFA partnerships. The second article discusses the marginalization and injustices experienced by informal traders. They were driven out of the cities and the municipality authorities increased the licensing fee. This locked out several traders from benefiting from the event. Some of their goods were confiscated by the authorities and some traders were arrested. Workers in the construction companies were also underpaid. The third article focuses on the benefits brought about by the link between the beachfront and the stadium in Durban. These infrastructural developments brought both positive and negative effects on local businesses in Durban. The transport business was improved, and there were short term job opportunities. Negative effects such as criminal activities were also attributed to the tournament. From: Carlson, A. (2010). A Theoretical Analysis of South African Identity and Audience for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Preamble, 6, 1-18 Carlson discusses the impact of the world cup on the country’s identity. The world cup was a historic event that would change the image of the country and continent in the global economy. The world cup is defined as a mega event that has both long term effects, both positive and negative. The government hoped to alleviate poverty levels and boost its economic development agenda. The expected economic windfall was more compelling for the country t o host the tournament as suggested by Matheson and Baade (2004). Carlson examines the identity and negotiation in the postmodern era. Some of the impacts were increased tourism, improvement of infrastructure, and short-term business growth. Infrastructure improvement and job creation occurred at the expense of local projects and finances. The aim was to improve the national pride and unity. The country was required to construct stadiums that met the FIFA standards. This meant constructing new stadia instead of renovating the existing stadia in the country. In Cape Town, the government had to forego the smaller and accessible Athlone stadium and construct a larger Green Point stadium. Athlone is the home to Ajax football club. It is located on the Cape Flats, which would increase accessibility for local fans. The Green Point stadium was more expensive than Athlone upgrades. This construction cost was borne by the local municipality and the government. However, Green Point provided a better view of the ocean and Table Mountain. This construction was aimed at enhancing the World Cup value instead of contributing to the development of the local area according to Alegi (2007). Several companies were given contracts for the construction work. These companies benefitted from millions of rand set aside for the stadia projects.  

Capital structure and approaches to capital structure

Capital structure and approaches to capital structure It is defined as the mix or proposition of a firms permanent long-term financing represented by debt, preference stock, and common stock equity. Capital structure theory suggests that firms determine what is often referred to as a target debt ratio, which is based on various tradeoffs between the costs and benefits of debt versus equity. The term capital structure refers to the percentage of capital (money) at work in a business by type. Broadly speaking, there are two forms of capital: equity capital and debt capital. Each has its own benefits and drawbacks and a substantial part of wise corporate stewardship and management is attempting to find the perfect capital structure in terms of risk / reward payoff for shareholders. This is true for Fortune 500 companies and for small business owners trying to determine how much of their startup money should come from a bank loan without endangering the business Lets look at each in detail: Equity Capital This refers to money put up and owned by the shareholders (owners). Typically, equity capital consists of two types: 1) contributed capital, which is the money that was originally invested in the business in exchange for shares of stock or ownership and 2)  retained earnings, which represents profits from past years that have been kept by the company and used to strengthen the  balance sheet  or fund growth, acquisitions, or expansion. Many consider equity capital to be the most expensive type of capital a company can utilize because its cost is the return the firm must earn to attract investment. A speculative mining company that is looking for silver in a remote region of Africa may require a much higher  return on equity  to get investors to purchase the stock than a firm such as Procter Gamble, which sells everything from toothpaste and shampoo to detergent and beauty products. Debt Capital The debt capital in a companys capital structure refers to borrowed money that is at work in the business. The safest type is generally considered long-term bonds  because the company has years, if not decades, to come up with the principal, while paying interest only in the meantime. Other types of debt capital can include short-term commercial paper utilized by giants such as Wal-Mart and General Electric that amount to billions of dollars in 24-hour loans from the capital markets to meet day-to-day working capital requirements such as payroll  and utility bills. The cost of debt capital in the capital structure depends on the health of the companys balance sheet a triple AAA rated firm is going to be able to borrow at extremely low rates versus a speculative company with tons of debt, which may have to pay 15% or more in exchange for debt capital. Other Forms of Capital There are actually other forms of capital, such as  vendor financing  where a company can sell goods before they have to pay the bill to the vendor, that can drastically increase return on equity but dont cost the company anything. This was one of the secrets to  Sam Waltons success at Wal-Mart. He was often able to sell Tide detergent before having to pay the bill to Procter Gamble, in effect, using PGs money to grow his retailer. In the case of an insurance company, the policyholder float represents money that doesnt belong to the firm but that it gets to use and earn an investment on until it has to pay it out for accidents or medical bills, in the case of an auto insurer. The cost of other forms of capital in the capital structure varies greatly on a case-by-case basis and often comes down to the talent and discipline of managers. SEEKING THE OPTIMAL CAPITAL STRUCTURE Many middle class individuals believe that the goal in life is to be debt-free. When you reach the upper echelons of finance, however, that idea is almost anathema. Many of the most successful companies in the world base their capital structure on one simple consideration: the cost of capital. If you can borrow money at 7% for 30 years in a world of 3% inflation and reinvest it in core operations at 15%, you would be wise to consider at least 40% to 50% in debt capital in your overall capital structure. Of course, how much debt you take on comes down to how secure the revenues your business generates are if you sell an indispensable product that people simply must have, the debt will be much lower risk than if you operate a theme park in a tourist town at the height of a boom market. Again, this is where managerial talent, experience, and wisdom comes into play. The great managers have a knack for consistently lowering their  weighted average cost of capital  by increasing productivity, seeking out higher return products, and more. To truly understand the idea of capital structure, you need to take a few moments to read Return on Equity: The DuPont Model  to understand how the capital structure represents one of the three components in determining the  rate of return  a company will earn on the money its owners have invested in it. Whether you own a doughnut shop or are considering investing in publicly traded stocks, its knowledge you simply must have. Question on our minds: Can the total valuation of a company (debt+equity) and the cost of capital be affected by changing the financing mix. The imperfections in the market play a vital role in the valuation of a company. This data is of utmost importance to the suppliers of capital. Changes in the financing mix are assumed to occur by issuing debt and repurchasing common stock or by issuing common stock and retiring debt. Example 1. Assume a company whose earnings are not expected to grow and which pays out all of its earnings to its shareholders in the form of dividends. All kinds of market imperfections are not considered in the current example, for simplicity in calculations. We are concerned mainly with 3 different rates of return. The first is The yield on companys debt, ki = = The second rate of return that we are concerned with is ke = = With our assumptions that the firms earnings are not expected to grow and which has a 100 percent dividend payout, the firms earning per price represents the market rate of discount that equates the present value of the perpetual stream of expected constant future dividends with the current market price of the common stock. The third rate to be calculated is ko = = These 3 different rates of return affect the amount of financial leverage, which is the debt to equity ratio. ko is defined as the overall capitalization rate of the firm. It is designed as the weighted average cost of capital, and can also be expressed as ko = ki [] + ke [] Calculating A Companys Capital Structure Review your companys most recent financial statements to find all of the capital components. Highlight all of the debt of the company and the equity (including common and preferred shares, capital contributions and retained earnings). Add up the total debt and equity It will be equal to your companys assets on the balance sheet because the debt and equity is what paid for those assets. Your capital structure is the percentage that each funding source represents of your companys total funding. Lets look at an example. Lets say you have the following capital components: bank loan $176,500, retained earnings $54,300, common stock $12,500. That makes your total capital $243,300. To calculate your capital structure, take the dollar amount of each capital source and divide it by the total capital. In the above example, the bank loan is 72.5%, retained earnings 22.3%, capital stock 5.2% for a total of 100%. Monitor your companys capital structure over time. Debt tends to be the most expensive source of capital and, over time, you will determine the most effective blend of debt versus equity financing for your particular situation. Calculating your actual capital structure will allow you to track how closely you are following your ideal capital structure. Factors Affecting Capital Structure The factors that affect the decisions taken regarding capital structure can be divided into three major types: Internal Factors External Factors General Factors INTERNAL FACTORS Cost of Capital The cost of capital is the cost of the companys funds. It consists of debts and equity. When a company raises funds for its operations there are certain costs involved. When decisions regarding the capital structure are taken, managers ensure that the earnings on the capital are more than this cost of capital. In general, the cost of borrowing capital is less than the cost of equity capital. This is because the interest rate on loans and borrowings is less than the dividend rates and also the dividends are a function of the companys profits and not expenditure. Risk Factor When decisions regarding capital structure are to be taken, the risk factors considerations are an important issue. If company raises its funds through debts, the risks involved are of two types: The company has to repay the lenders in a fixed time period and at a fixed rate, whether or not the company makes profit or goes into loss. The borrowed capital is secured capital. Hence, if the company fails to make the payments, the lenders can take possession of the companys assets. If the company goes for funds through equity capital there are minimum risks. As the dividends are an appropriation of the companys profits, if it does not make any profit, it is not obliged to make the payments. In contrast to debt capital, here the company is not expected to repay its equity capital. And also the equity capital is not secured. Control Factor When additional funds are to be raised, the control factors are very essential in deciding the capital structure of the company. When a company decides to issue further equity shares the control of the company may be at stake. Hence, it may not be acceptable to its shareholders and owners. This factor is not vital in case of debt financing, except when financing institutions stipulate the appointment of nominee directors in the Board of Directors of the company. Objects of Capital Structure Planning They are- Maximize profit of the owners Issue transferable securities Issue further securities in a way that does not dilute the holdings of the present owners EXTERNAL FACTORS General Economic Conditions: If the economy is in the state of depression, equity funding is considered as it involves less risk. While, if the economy is booming and the interest rates are forecasted to fall, debt funding is given preference. Interest Rate Levels: If the interest rates are high in the capital market, equity funding is preferred until the interest rate levels fall down. Policy of Lending Institutions: If the terms and policies of the financing institutions are rigid and harsh, debt financing should be ignored and equity financing should be tapped. Taxation Policy: The government has taxation policies which include corporate taxes as well as individual taxes. The government includes individual taxes on both borrowings as well as dividends. Also income tax deductions are offered on interests paid on borrowings. All these factors have to be considered while planning capital structure. Statutory Risks: While planning Capital Structure, the statutory risks given by the Government and other statutes are to be considered. GENERAL FACTORS Constitution of the company: If the company is private limited, the control factors are essential while if the company is public limited, the cost factors are essential. Characteristics of the company: Companies which are small and in the early stage have weak credit standings and bargaining capacity, hence they have to rely on equity financing. While big companies have strong credit standings and they can source their funds from borrowings with acceptable interest rates. Stability of earnings: The companies which have stable earnings and the risks involved are less, go for debt funding as they can handle the high risk factors. While companies whose earnings are forecasted to be fluctuating, usually go for less risky equity funding. Attitude of the Management: For a company with conservative management, the control factor is more important, while a company with a liberal management considers the cost factors to be more important. Approaches to Capital Structure Net Operating Income Approach Traditional Approach Net Income Approach Modigliani Miller Approach Net Operating Income Approach David Durand proposed the net income approach to capital structure. This approach looks at the consequence of alterations in capital structure in terms of net operating income. Under this approach, on the basis of net operating income, the overall value of the firm is measured. Therefore this approach is identified as net operating income approach. The NOI approach entails that: Largely the value of the firm does not depend on the degree of leverage in capital structure and hence whatever may be the change in capital structure the overall value of the firm is not affected. In the same way, the overall cost of capital is not affected by any change in the degree of leverage in capital structure. The overall cost of capital is independent of leverage. Under the net income approach, the overall cost of capital is unaffected and remains constant irrespective of the change in the ratio of debts to equity capital when the cost of debt is less than that of equity capital whereas it is assumed the overall cost of capital must decrease with the increase in debts. How is this assumption justified? With the increase in the amount of debts the degree of risk of business increases. As a result the rate of equity over investment in equity shares thus on one hand the WACC decreases with the increase in the amount of debts; on the other hand cost of equity capital increases to the same tune. Therefore the benefit of leverage is mopped away and the overall cost of capital remains at the same level. In other words there are two parts of the cost of capital. Interest charges on debentures. The increase in the rate of equity capitalization resulting from the increase in risk of business due to higher level of debts. OPTIMUM CAPITAL STRUCTURE This approach suggests that whatever the degree of indebtedness of the company, market value remains constant. Despite the change in the ratio of debt to capital in the market value of its equity shares remains constant. This means that there is no optimal capital structure. Each capital structure is optimal in approach of net operating income The market value of the firm is determined as follows:   The value of equity can be determined by the following equation and   The Net Operating Income Approach is based on the following assumptions: Example: ABC Ltd., is expecting an earnings before interest tax of Rs.1,80,00,000 and belongs to risk class of 10%. You are required to find out the value of firm % cost of equity capital if it employs 8% debt to the extent of 20%, 35% or 50% of the total financial requirement of Rs. 90000000. Solution Statement showing value of firm and cost of equity capital   20% Debt 35% Debt 50% Debt Earnings before interest tax EBIT ($) 18000000 18000000 18000000 Overall cost of capital 10% 10% 10% Value of firm (V) = EBIT Cost of Capital{EBIT/Cost of Capital} 180000000 180000000 180000000 Value of 8% debt (D) 18000000 (20% ÃÆ'- 90000000) 31500000 (35% ÃÆ'- 90000000) 45000000 (50% ÃÆ'- 90000000) Value of equity (V D) 162000000 148500000 135000000 Net profit (EBIT Interest) 16560000 (18000000 1440000) 15480000 (18000000 2520000) 14400000 (18000000 3600000) (Cost of equity (Kc) 10.22% 10.42% 10.66% (Net profit/value of equity) ÃÆ'- 100 (16560000/ 162000000) ( 15480000/ 148500000) ( 14400000/ 135000000) It is apparent from the above computation that the overall cost of capital value of firm; re-constant at different levels of debt i.e., at 20%, 35% and 50%. The benefit of debt content is offset by increase in the cost of equity. The overall cost of capital (k0) remains constant and can be verified as follows: Overall Cost of Capital k0 = kd   (D/D+S) + Ke   (S/D+S) 20% Debt K0 =   $4,00,000/$40,00,000   ÃÆ'-8% + $36,00,000/$40,00,000 X   10.22% = 0.008 + 0.092 = 0.10 or 10% 35% Debt K0 = $7,00,000/$40,00,000   ÃÆ'-8% + $33,00,000/$40,00,000 X   10.42% = 0.014 + 0.0859 = 0.0999 Or 10% 50% Debt K0 = $10,00,000/$40,00,000   ÃÆ'- 8% + $30,00,000/$40,00,000 X   10.66% = 0.02 + 0.07995 = 0.0995 or 10% Traditional Approach Traditional approach is a  middle-way approach between net operating income approach the net income approach. According to this approach: (1) A best  capital structure  does exist. (2) Market value of the firm can be increased and average cost of capital can be reduced through a prudent manipulation of leverage. (3) The cost of debt capital increases if debts are increases beyond a definite limit. This is because the greater the risk  of business  the higher the  rate of interest  the creditors would ask for. The rate of equity capitalization will also increase with it. Thus there remains no benefit of leverage when debts are increased beyond a certain limit. The cost of capital also goes up. Traditional Approach Thus at a definite level of mixture of debts to equity capital, average cost of capital also increases. The  capital structure  is optimum at this level of the mix of debts to equity capital. The effect of change in  capital structure  on the overall cost of capital can be divided into three stages as follows; First stage In the first stage the overall cost of capital falls and the value of the firm increases with the increase in leverage. This leverage has beneficial effect as debts as debts are less expensive. The cost of equity remains constant or increases negligibly. The proportion of risk is less in such a firm. Second stage A stage is reached when increase in leverage has no effect on the value or the cost of capital, of the firm. Neither the cost of capital falls nor the value of the firm rises. This is because the increase in the cost of equity due to the assed financial risk offsets the advantage of low cost debt. This is the stage wherein the value of the firm is maximum and cost of capital minimum. Third stage Beyond a definite limit of leverage the cost of capital increases with leverage and the value of the firm decreases with leverage. This is because with the increase in debts investors begin to realize the degree of financial risk and hence they desire to earn a higher rate of return on equity shares. The resultant increase in equity capitalization rate will more than offset the advantage of low-cost debt. It follows that the cost of capital is a function of the degree of leverage. Hence, an optimum  capital structure  can be achieved by establishing an appropriate degree of leverage in  capital structure. Net Income Approach This approach states that, the cost of debt and the cost of equity do not change with a change in the leverage ratio(when D/E changes), due to which it is observed that there is a weakening in the cost of capital as the leverage increases. The cost of capitalcan be calculated by the use Net income approach; weighted average of cost of capitalcan be explained by the following equation; http://lh6.ggpht.com/cemismailsezer/R4_ZkNJ-ThI/AAAAAAAAADY/RZYaGVynnUw/image%5B5%5D where: Ko: average cost of capital Kd: cost of debt Ke: cost of equity B: market value of debt S: market value of equity As we know that cost of debt is less than cost of equity (Kd http://lh6.ggpht.com/cemismailsezer/R4_ZlNJ-TjI/AAAAAAAAADo/de5aDk2tbUo/image%5B8%5D The Net Income Approach assembles the investment structure of the firm which has a major influence on the value of the firm. Therefore, the use of control will change both the worth of the organisation cost of capital. Net Income is exploited in approaching the market value that firm possesses. In this analysis Ka decreases when the D/E ratio increases as the proportion of debt, cheaper source of finance, increase in the capital structure vice versa. Assumptions of net income approach the perception of risk is not altered by the use of liability for the investors; as a result, the equity capitalisation rate i.e. ke, and the debt capitalisation rate kd, remain constant with changes in leverage The debt capitalization rate is less than the equity capitalization rate The corporate income taxes are not considered. Numerical example: Assume that a firm has an expected annual net operating income of Rs.2, 00, 000, an equity rate, ke, of 10% and Rs. 10, 00,000 of 6% debt. The value of the firm according to NET INCOME approach: Net Operating Income NOI 2, 00,000 Total cost of debt Interest= KdD, (10, 00,000 x .06) 60,000 Net Income Available to shareholders, NOI I 1, 40,000 Therefore: Market Value of Equity (Rs. 140,000/.10) 14, 00,000 Market value of debt D (Rs. 60,000/.06) 10, 00,000 Total 24, 00,000 Note: The cost of equity and debt are respectively 10% and 6% and are assumed to be constant under the Net Income Approach Ko = Kd (D/V) + Ke (S/V) = 0.06 (10, 00,000/24, 00,000) + 0.10 (14, 00,000/24, 00,000) = 0.025 + 0.0583 = 0.0833 or 8.33% Modigliani Miller (MM) Approach Assumptions of the MM Approach Capital market is perfect. It is so when: Information is freely available Problem of asymmetric information does not exist Transaction cost is nil There is no bankruptcy cost Securities are fully divisible 100% payout ratio Investors and managers are rational Managers act in interest of shareholders Combination of risk and return is rationally chosen Expectations are homogenous Equivalent risk class No taxes Investors can borrow in personal A/C at same terms of firm. Proposition I Value of the form is equal to the expected operating income divided by discount rate appropriate to its risk class. It is independent of capital structure i.e. where, V = Market Value of the Firm D = Market Value of the debt E = Market value of the equity O = Expected Operating Income r = Discount rate applicable to risk class to which firm belongs Proposition I is almost similar to the Net Operating Income Approach. MM used arbitrage argument to prove this approach. MM argues that identical assets must sell for same price, irrespective of how they are financed. Arbitrage Process If the price of a product is unequal in two markets, traders buy it in the market where price is low and sell it in the market where price is high. This phenomenon is known as price differential or arbitrage. As a result of this process of arbitrage, price tends to decline in the high-priced market and price tends to rise in the low-priced market unit the differential is totally removed. Modigliani and Miller explain their approach in terms of the same process of arbitrage. They hold that two firms, identical in all respects except leverage cannot have different market value. If two identical firms have different market values, arbitrage will take place until there is no difference in the market values of the two firms. Example: Let us suppose that there are two firms, P and Q belonging to the same group of homogenous risk. Firm P is unlevered as its capital structure consists of equity capital only Firm Q is levered as its capital structure includes 10% debentures of Rs.10,00,000 According to traditional approach, the market value of firm Q would be higher than that of firm P. But according to M-M approach, this situation cannot persist for long. The market value of the equity share of firm Q is high but investment in it is more risky while the market value of the equity share of firm P is low but investment in it is safe. Hence investors will sell out equity shares of firm Q and purchase equity shares of firm P. Consequently the market value of the equity shares of firm Q while fall, while the market value of the equity shares of firm P will rise. Through this process of arbitrage therefore, the market values of the firms P and Q will be equalized. This is true for all firms belonging to the same group. In equilibrium situation, the average cost of capital will be same for all firms in the group. The opposite will happen if the market value of the firm P is higher than that of the firm Q. In this case investors will sell equity shares of P and buy those of Q. Consequently market values of these two firms will be equalised. Proposition II MM Proposition II states that the value of the firm depends on three things: Required  rate  of return on the firms assets (ra) Cost of debt of the firm (rd) Debt/Equity ratio of the firm (D/E) An increase in financial leverage increases expected Earnings per Share (EPS) but not share prices. Proposition II states that an expected rate of return of shareholders increases with financial leverage. Expected ROE is equal to expected rate of return on assets plus premium. The formula for re is: re = ra + (ra-rd)x(D/E) Implications of Proposition II- rd is independent of D/E and hence re increases with D/E. The debt crosses an optimal level, the risk of default increases and expected return on debt rd increases. Limitations of MM Approach- Leverage irrelevance theory of MM is valid if perfect market assumption is correct but actually it is not so. Firms are able to pay taxes and investors also pay taxes. Bankruptcy cost can be very high. Managers have their own preference of a type of finance. Managers are better informed than shareholders i.e. asymmetry of information exists. Personal leverage is not possible to be substitute of corporate leverage. 100% payout ratio is not possible normally. Analysis of Companies TVS Motors: TVS Motors hold one of the top ten two wheeler manufacturer and number three positions in Indian market, with turnover of $1 billion in 2008-2009 and is the flagship division of TVS group which is of worth $4 billion. TVS Motors manufactures wide range of two wheelers ranging from two wheelers for domestic use to two wheelers for racing. Manufacturing units are located at Housar and Mysore Himachal Pradesh Indonesia Has production capacity of 2.5 million units per year with strength in design and development TVS has recently launched 7 new products. Till now TVS has sold more than 15 million two wheelers and has employed 40000. TVS motor is the only Indian company to win Deming award for quality control in 2002. TVS Network spans over 48 countries. Particulars 2007-08 (in crores) 2008-09(in crores) OPERATING INCOME 45.31 121.08 INTEREST ON DEBT( I) 11.47 64.61 EQUITY EARNING 33.84 56.47 COST OF EQUITY (Ke) 4.13% 4.21% MARKET VALUE OF EQUITY 819.37 1341.33 COST OF DEBT (Kd) 1.72% 7.13% MARKET VALUE OF DEBT 666.34 905.98 VALUE OF FIRM 1485.71 2247.31 COST OF CAPITAL (Ko) 3.05% 5.39% WACC Calculation: For 2007-08 WACC= weke + wdkd We = E/(D+E) Wd = D/(D+E) = 1/(1.84) x 0.413 + 0.84/(1.84) x 0.172 = 0.2284 +0.078 = 3.051% For 2008-2009 WACC= weke + wdkd We = E/(D+E) Wd = D/(D+E) = 1/(2.11) x 4.21 + 1.11/(2.11) x 7.13 =1.995 +3.750 = 5.75% Hero Honda: Hero Honda Motors Limited is largest and most successful two wheeler manufacturers in India and it is India based. Hero Honda was a joint venture between Hero group and Honda of Japan till 2010 when Honda sold its entire stake to Hero. In 2008-09 Hero Honda sold 3.7 million bikes with 12% growth rate and captured 57% of Indian markets share. Hero Honda Splendor is worlds largest selling motorcycle sold more than 1 million units in 2001-03.C:UsersAAdityaDesktopindex.jpg In December 2010, the Board of Directors of the Hero Honda Group have decided to terminate the joint venture between Hero Group of India and Honda of Japan in a phased manner. The Hero Group of India would buy out the 26% stake of the Honda in JV Hero Honda. Under the joint venture Hero Group could not sell into international markets and the termination would mean that Hero Group can exploit global opportunities now. Since last 25 years the Hero Group relied on their Japanese partner Honda for R D for new bike models. So there are concerns that the Hero Group might not be able to sustain the performance of the Joint Venture alone. WACC calculation: For 2007-08 WACC= weke + wdkd We = E/(D+E) Wd = D/(D+E) = 1/(1.07)x34.73%+0.07/(1.07) x 8.33% = 33% For 2008-09 WACC= weke + wdkd We = E/(D+E) Wd = D/(D+E) = 1/(1.04)x32.41%+1.04/(1.04)x10.20% = 31.55% Particulars 2007-08 (in crores) 2008-09 (in crores) OPERATING INCOME 1201.96 1367.77 INTEREST ON DEBT( I) 13.76 13.47 EQUITY EARNING 1188.22 1354.3 COST OF EQUITY (Ke) 34.73% 32.41% MARKET VALUE OF EQUITY 3421.25 4178.65 COST OF DEBT (Kd) 8.33% 10.20% MARKET VALUE OF DEBT 165.18 132.05 VALUE OF F